1． 把握中心思想層

2． 概括段落大意層

3． 深入剖析文章層

4． 摘錄背誦佳句層

5． 換位思考命題層

       現在以歷年真題為例說明如何實施上述的五層遞進學習法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章結構與內容”對應上述學習法的1與2，“核心詞匯”、“難句分析”與“參考譯文”對應上述學習法的3，“佳句摘錄”對應上述學習法的4，而“試題詳解”對應上述學習法的5。關于“五層遞進學習法”的具體內容，請閱讀本人博客中的同名文章。

Passage 3

Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

9. In paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that .

［A］ the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society

［B］ exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are

［C］ exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society

［D］ the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children

10. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that .

［A］ they are expected to be leaders of the society

［B］ they might become a burden of the society

［C］ they should fully develop their potentials

［D］ disabled children deserve special consideration

11. This passage mainly deals with .

［A］ the differences of children in their learning capabilities

［B］ the definition of exceptional children in modern society

［C］ the special educational programs for exceptional children

［D］ the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children

12. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children .

［A］ is now enjoying legal support

［B］ disagrees with the tradition of the country

［C］ was clearly stated by the country’s founders

［D］ will exert great influence over court decisions

文章結構與內容

文章結構：一枝獨秀型。本文的核心概念是殘疾兒童(exceptional children)的教育。由于本文是一篇社會科學方面的文章，所以閱讀時還要注意作者對核心概念的態度：要讓殘疾兒童充分發展自己的潛能，必須調整對他們的教育，以適應他們與正常兒童的差異。然后作者指出重視殘疾兒童的教育這一點反映了美國傳統的價值觀念---教育機會平等以及一種新思潮的出現。

核心詞匯

1. exceptional 殘疾的；例外的，異常的（名詞exception 除外，例外）

2. significant重大的，明顯的；重要的（名詞significance）

3. potential 潛能，潛力 ； a. 潛在的，可能的

4. adapt  （to）（使）適應；改編

5. capture 捕獲；奪取

6. supporting player 配角

7. scenery 舞臺布景；風景

8. the key to …的關鍵

9. full expression 充分表達

10. understanding 認知，理解；通情達理的

11. pass on to 傳遞給

12. weakness 缺點（反義詞strength）

13. prejudice 偏見；v. 損害

14. deserve 應該獲得

15. capability 能力；技能（形容詞capable）

16. democratic 民主的（= demo（人民）+crat（統治）+ic（的））

17. denote 表示，代表（同根詞note、notice---not表明）

18. interpret 解釋，說明；口譯

19. to the limit of 達到…的極限

20. capacity 能力，容量（形容詞capacious容量大的，寬敞的）

21. modify 改變，修改（名詞mode模式）

22. substantially 真正地，實質地（名詞substance）

*             *                *

23. exert influence over 對…產生影響，給…施加影響（exert 施加，盡力）

難句分析

1. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

［結構分析］ 第一個句子的基本結構是Exceptional children are different…from…，其中in some significant way（在一些重要的方面）說明different的體現；第二個句子的前半部分For these children to develop to their full adult potential（要讓殘疾兒童充分發展自己的潛能）表示目的，作狀語。注意：第一句中的exceptional children在文章開始出現時意思不太明確，但是從文章后半部分可以看出是指“殘疾兒童”。

[參考譯文] 異常兒童（指殘疾兒童）與同齡兒童相比有許多重大的不同。為使這些兒童的全部潛力得到開發，教育必須適應他們的不同需要。

2．While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.

［結構分析］本句是一個復合句，理解的關鍵是能否看出這是一個類比：把殘疾兒童比作舞臺上的主要角色，而把他們的家庭和社會環境比作配角和戲劇的布景。

[參考譯文] 盡管舞臺主角吸引我們的注意力，我們也意識到舞臺配角和場景的重要性。

3．And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

［結構分析］ 本句是一個強調句，被強調的部分是in the public schools；破折號之后的部分the knowledge, hopes, and fears是understanding（認知）的同位語，后面的that引導的定語從句修飾the knowledge, hopes, and fears。

[參考譯文] 而且正是在公立學校中我們找到了社會理解的全面體現---傳授給下一代的知識、希望和恐懼。

4．The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

［結構分析］ 本句的主干是“The great interest... indicates the strong feeling...”，其中主語是the great interest，后面的in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades作the great interest的定語；賓語是the strong feeling ，后面的that引導一個同位語從句that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities，其中whatever their special conditions修飾all citizens，作狀語，閱讀時可以先跳過去。

[參考譯文] 過去30年中公共教育對異常兒童所表現出來的巨大關注表明了存在于我們社會中的那種強烈感受，即所有公民，不管有什么特殊情況，都應該獲得充分發展其能力的機會。

5．That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.

［結構分析］本句的主干在破折號之前，破折號之后的部分解釋前面的educational opportunity for all children的具體內容，其中whether 引導的讓步狀語從句使用了虛擬語氣（在虛擬語氣中用be是美國英語的用法）。to the limits of的意思是“達到…的極限”。

[參考譯文] 這一概念暗示所有兒童都應享有教育機會——每個兒童，無論自身能力大小，都有權在盡其所能的學習中接受幫助。

6．In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

［結構分析］ 本句的主干是schools are modifying their programs，現在分詞結構adapting…to…, to…（使…適應…）作狀語，其中又包含兩個定語從句 ：who are exceptional（修飾children）和who cannot profit substantially from regular programs（修飾those, 指children），而第二個定語從句前的to those是adapting instruction to those的省略。

[參考譯文] 作為反應，學校正在改變課程安排，使學校授課能夠適應異常兒童的需要，能夠適應那些無法從正常課程中實際獲益的兒童的需要。

試題詳解

9. 例證題。這是一個類比，在二段第二句，其中leading actor on the stage（舞臺上的主角）指exceptional children， 后面的the supporting players and the scenery of the play指exceptional children所處的環境，這一句的意思是環境對于exceptional children很重要，下一句明確指出二者之間的關系：家庭和社會對exceptional children的成長和發展是關鍵。A“exceptional children的成長與家庭和社會有很大關系”符合此意，為正確答案。C與原文所說有出入，注意仔細比較。例證題要注意看例子的上下文。

10．事實細節題。根據問題中的關鍵詞so much concern in education定位原文二段第三句，因為它對應原文中的great interest in exceptional children shown in public education，原文的意思是“這一興趣表明我們希望所有公民，不管自身條件如何，都應當有機會充分發展自己的能力”，C符合此意，為正確答案。D“殘疾兒童應該受到特別對待”與原文所倡導的平等權利和機會不一致，所以是干擾選項。

11．主旨題。本文首句指出論述的對象exceptional children，第二句指出本文論述的重點---exceptional children的教育，并且給出作者的態度：要讓exceptional children充分發展自己的潛能，必須調整對他們的教育，以適應他們與正常兒童的差異。這是本文的主題句。符合此意的只有D，因此D為正確答案。C“針對exceptional children的具體教育項目”不是本文的論述重點。作主旨題時注意文章的論述中心和作者態度，正確答案必須符合作者的態度，如本文首段第二句中的must be就表明了作者的態度，D選項中的necessity與之對應。

12．事實細節題。按照出題順序定位末段，其中段末有一句話明確說明對exceptional children教育的關心已經得到法律支持：Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education，因此  A為正確答案。

參考譯文

特殊兒童（本文指殘疾兒童）與同齡兒童相比有某種重大的不同。為使這些兒童的全部潛力得到開發，教育必須適應這些不同之處。

盡管我們重點討論的是特殊兒童的需要，但我們不知不覺中也在描述他們所處的環境。盡管舞臺主角吸引我們的注意力，我們也意識到舞臺配角和場景的重要性。特殊兒童所處的家庭和社會對他們的成長和發展通常起著關鍵的作用。而且正是在公立學校中我們找到了社會理解的全面體現——傳授給下一代的知識、希望和恐懼。

   在任何社會中，教育都是社會的一面鏡子。從這面鏡子里，我們看到一個文化自身的長處、弱點、希望、偏見和核心價值觀。過去30年中公共教育對特殊兒童所表現出來的巨大關注，表明了存在于我們社會中的那種強烈感受，即所有公民，不管有什么特殊情況，都應該獲得充分發展其能力的機會。

“人人生而平等”，這句話我們聽過很多遍，但對于一個民主社會中的教育仍然具有重要意義。盡管這個國家（指美國）的各位創始人用這句話來表明法律面前人人平等，它也被詮釋為機會平等。這一概念暗示所有兒童都應享有教育機會——每個兒童，無論自身能力大小，都有權在盡其所能的學習中接受幫助。最近，法院判決確認了所有兒童——無論是殘疾，還是非殘疾——都有受到適當教育的權利，并要求公立學校采取必要措施為兒童提供這種教育。針對這一判決，學校正在改變課程安排，使學校授課能夠適應特殊兒童的需要，能夠適應那些無法從正常課程中實際獲益的兒童的需要。

佳句摘錄

Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.

All men are created equal.