1． 把握中心思想層

2． 概括段落大意層

3． 深入剖析文章層

4． 摘錄背誦佳句層

5． 換位思考命題層

       現在以歷年真題為例說明如何實施上述的五層遞進學習法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章結構與內容”對應上述學習法的1與2，“核心詞匯”、“難句分析”與“參考譯文”對應上述學習法的3，“佳句摘錄”對應上述學習法的4，而“試題詳解”對應上述學習法的5。關于“五層遞進學習法”的具體內容，請閱讀本人博客中的同名文章。 

Passage 5

Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.

The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.

“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:“How come nobody thought of that before?”

The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.

Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.

17. What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph?

［A］ A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.

［B］ A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.

［C］ A person who has had no education.

［D］ An individual who often comes up with new ideals by accident.

18. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?

［A］ The variety of ideas they have.

［B］ The intelligence they possess.

［C］ The way they deal with problems.

［D］ The way they present their findings.

19. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because .

［A］ Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity

［B］ the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things

［C］ the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view

［D］ the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented

20. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are .

［A］ diligent in pursuing their goals

［B］ reluctant to follow common ways of doing things

［C］ devoted to the progress of science

［D］ concerned about the advance of society

文章結構與內容

 文章結構：花開兩朵型。本文談論的兩個方面是創新者（innovators）和非創新者（noninnovators），作者主要討論創新者的特點。文章開始指出不知情者以為發明創造是靈感或戲劇性的產物，作者指出這是一個誤解，因為發明創造很艱辛，只有那些具有創造力、不斷探索做事新方法的人才能成為創新者。閱讀時注意文中關于創新這一概念的不同表達法。

核心詞匯

1. in blinding flashes 以靈感的形式（blinding耀眼的，使人失明的；flash 閃光）

2. dramatic 戲劇性的，顯著的（名詞drama戲?。?/p>

3. penicillin 青霉素

4. there and then 在當時當地，當場，立即（=then and there）

5. antibacterial 抗菌的（同根詞antiwar反戰的---anti反，抗）

6. come out of 來源于，來自（=come from）

7. laborious 艱苦的，努力的（名詞labor 勞動，工作）

8. trial and error反復試驗；試錯法（即通過反復試驗以避免錯誤、找到正確思路的方法）

9. block 阻擋，封鎖

10. score 得（分）

11. take …shots at the goal 射門…次

12. so it goes with… …也一樣

13. innovation 創新，革新

14. innovator 創新者（同根詞innovative 創新的---nov新）

15. work on 努力干，致力于

16. follow through 堅持到底，堅持到完成

17. practicable 可行的（名詞practicability）

18. abstraction  空想，幻想的事物；抽象（動詞abstract 抽取，提取；a. 抽象的； n. 摘要 ）

19. authority 權威，權力

20. account for 解釋（原因等）；占（比例、數量等）

21. seemingly 似乎，表面上

22. proposition 主張；命題 （同根詞opposition---pos放置）

23. set out 開始，出發

24. alternate 其他的，二者選一的（同義詞alternative）

25. in the long run從長遠來看，最終（同義詞 in the long term）

26. be bound to 注定，必定

27. dead end 絕境，死胡同；盡頭

28. march to a different drummer 標新立異；相信一套不同的原則

29. ignorant of 對…無知，不了解

30. restrict 限制（同根詞strict嚴格的）

31. come up with 提出，想出

32. assertion 主張，論斷

難句分析

1. Discoveries in sciences and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents.

［結構分析］ 本句的主干是Discoveries… are thought ... to ...or as...，其中to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents 是主語discoveries的補語，對其作補充解釋。注意：untaught minds的意思是“不了解科學實驗艱苦過程的人”，而blinding flashes的意思是“耀眼的瞬間（即靈感）”。

[參考譯文] “不知其中艱辛的人”認為發明創造是靈感或戲劇化事件的結果。

2. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.

［結構分析］ 本句是一個復合句，主干是Sir Alexander Fleming did not ... look at and get the idea...，中間是插入成分as legend would have it（象傳說中那樣），閱讀時可以先跳過去。

[參考譯文] 亞歷山大·佛萊明爵士并不像傳說中的那樣，看到一塊奶酪上的霉菌就立刻有了發明青霉素的想法。

3. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.

［結構分析］ 本句包含兩個分句，后一個分句的主語是the best players，謂語是miss 和have their shots blocked（他們的射門被擋?。﹥蓚€并列的部分，最后的比較結構much more frequently than they score作狀語。注意：作者此處把創新者比喻為足球運動員，而把創新比喻為踢足球，那么創新成功就等于射門成功。

[參考譯文] 創新就像踢足球，即使是最好的球員也會將球射失，而且他們的射門被擋住的時候多，得分的時候少。

4. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.

［結構分析］ 這是一個并列句：第一個分句的主干是The point is that…，后面that引導的表語從句的主干是the players…are the ones…，其中有兩個定語從句，分別修飾主語the players和表語the ones；破折號之后的部分是第二個分句。

[參考譯文] 問題是，得分最多的球員正是那些射門次數最多的---任何領域的創新都是如此。

5. “Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there is no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority.

［結構分析］ 本句開始是直接引語，其主干為Creative thinking may mean simply the realization...，realization后面的that引導的同位語從句that there is no particular virtue…修飾the realization；這一同位語從句中的介詞結構in doing things the way they have always been done作狀語，其中they have always been done是一個定語從句，修飾the way（the way前面可以視為省略了介詞in）。注意：there is no virtue in…的意思是“…沒有什么道理”。類似結構有：there is no point in… …沒有道理。

[參考譯文] 語言專家魯道夫·佛萊士寫道：“創造性思維往往只源于下列認識---以傳統方法做事未必就好”。

6. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?”

［結構分析］ 本句的主干是This accounts for our reaction…，其中賓語reaction 后面的介詞結構to seemingly simple innovations…作reaction的定語，而innovations后面又帶兩個定語，一個是like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels，另一個是that引導的定語從句that make life more convenient。注意：how come的意思是“…是怎么回事”。

[參考譯文] 這說明了我們對塑料垃圾袋和帶輪旅行箱之類看似簡單卻令生活更方便的發明的反應：“以前怎么就沒人想到這一點呢？”

試題詳解

17．詞義題。這類題的干擾選項是含有表面意思的選項。C“沒有受過教育的人”是問題中的詞匯“untaught minds”的表面意思，是干擾選項?？梢愿鶕舷挛拇_定該詞組的準確意思。從一段第二句開始，作者以Alexander Fleming為例，說明untaught minds的觀點“科技中的發現不是靈光一閃或戲劇化事件的結果”不對，認為“發明和創新是辛勤的試驗和不斷的錯誤之后的結果(Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error)”。由此可知untaught minds “對試驗中的艱苦工作不了解”，因此A為正確答案。

18．事實細節題。本題問“創新者與非創新者的差別”，這一點在二段第二句提到：The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach  (創新者和其他人的主要不同在于方法)，C“他們處理問題的方法”符合此意，為正確答案。查找原文時首先要注意difference是問題中動詞詞組distinguishes…from的同義詞，其次difference前的prime提示這里是考試的重點。

19．事實細節題。本題問作者在三段引用R．Flesch的話的用意。先看R．Flesch的原話：Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done(創造性思維的含義也許就是認識到沒有必要總是循規蹈矩地做事情)，這等于說可以嘗試新方法，這與作者在前面所說的“創新者尋找新方法”是一致的，加強了作者的論述。因此B為正確答案。

20．詞義題。這句話是對全文的總結，因為單獨成句的段落常概括全文的中心。這句話的主語是highly creative individuals，就是上文所說的innovators，這些人不因循守舊，符合此意的是B，所以是正確答案。注意：也可以根據問題中的different直接選B。

參考譯文

“不知其中艱辛的人”認為發明創造是靈感或戲劇化事件的結果。亞歷山大·佛萊明爵士并不像傳說中的那樣，看到一塊奶酪上的霉菌就立刻有了發明青霉素的想法。在做出發現之前，他已經花了九年時間試驗抗菌物質。發明和創新幾乎總是來自艱辛的嘗試和錯誤。創新就像踢足球，即使是最好的球員也會將球射失，而且他們的射門被擋住的時候多，得分的時候少。

問題是，得分最多的球員正是那些射門次數最多的——任何領域的創新都是如此。創新者和其他人的主要不同在于方法。人人都有想法，但是創新者自覺鉆研自己的想法，并將這些想法堅持到底，直到這些想法被證明可行或不可行為止。普通人認為是奇思怪想的抽象的東西，在職業創新者的眼中卻是實在的可能性。

語言專家魯道夫·佛萊士寫道：“創造性思維往往只源于下列認識——以傳統方法做事未必就好”。這說明了我們對塑料垃圾袋和帶輪旅行箱之類看似簡單卻令生活更方便的發明的反應：“以前怎么就沒人想到這一點呢？”

創造性方法始于這樣一個主張：一切事情的真實情況都不像它們所表現出來的樣子。創新者從不認為做一件事情的方法只有一種。在面臨從A走到B的問題時普通人會自動走那條最為人熟悉、并且從表面上看起來最簡單的路線。創新者會尋找其他路線——這些路線從長遠來看會更加容易，而且即使通向死胡同也注定更加有趣、更富挑戰性。

    具有高度創造性的人的確有與眾不同的想法。

佳句摘錄

Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error.

Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.

What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.

The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.