考研英語寫作破解-應用文寫作(小作文)- 摘要

　　1.寫作攻略

　　摘要是對原始文獻(或文章)的基本內容進行濃縮并寫成語義連貫的短文。它以迅速掌握原文內容梗概為目的，不需加入任何主觀評論和解釋，但必須簡明、確切地表述原文的重要內容。摘要寫作要求簡明扼要，用詞準確。摘要題型寫作是難度非常大的一種寫作形式。隨著考生英語水平的不斷提高，這種題型引起考生的普遍重視。寫作摘要時應該注意以下幾點：

　　(1)動筆之前，考生一定要認真仔細地閱讀所給原文，力求抓住其大意，掌握原文要點。 如果一遍不能明白，可以多讀幾次，讀的次數越多越容易明白文章大意。

　　(2)摘要的長度不應超過原文的三分之一，一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考試時應遵守規定的字數限制。

　　(3)在做摘要時考生切忌照搬原文，應該用自己的語言來寫。一篇摘要應該是語言的再創造，而不是原文詞語的簡單堆砌。

　　(4)摘要應與原文的觀點保持一致，為了使摘要條理清晰，無特殊情況應按原文的邏輯順序排列。

　　(5)摘要要做到內容完整，沒有大的遺漏，使讀者無需查看原文就能夠獲得原文的主要內容。應重點反映主要觀點，刪除細節。

　　(6)削除例子，簡化描述。用簡短的語句代替冗長的語句。

　　(7)檢查與修改時，考生應重點檢查是否遺漏了原文的要點或包含了細節。

　　另外，寫摘要時應該使用簡單的銜接詞，如but, then, thus, yet, for等等，而不能使用at the same time, on the other hand 等。

　　2.必背模版句型

　　This paper mainly deals with...

　　這篇論文主要是寫……

　　This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...

　　這篇文章的強調的主題是……

　　This essay presents knowledge that...

　　這篇短文主要是講關于……的知識。

　　This thesis discusses/analyzes...

　　這篇論文討論/分析了……

　　This paper provides an overview of...

　　這篇文章綜述了……

　　This article compares...and summarizes key findings.

　　這篇文章比較了……并總結了主要的發現。

　　This paper presents up-to-date information on...

　　這篇論文介紹了關于……的最新信息。

　　This article not only describes...but also suggests...

　　這篇文章不僅描述了……而且建議……

　　This paper provides a method of ...

　　這篇為……提供了方法。

　　This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...

　　這篇文章介紹一種分析……的可行程序。

　　This paper is devoted to examining the role of...

　　這篇論文致力于研究……的作用。

　　This paper reflects the state of the art in...

　　這篇論文展示了……目前的情況。

　　This article reviews the techniques used in...

　　這篇文章綜述了……領域采用的技術。

　　The writer of this essay tries to explore...

　　本文作者試圖探討……

　　The aim/purpose/objective of this paper is to determine...

　　本文的目的/目標是為了決定……　

　　3.必背經典范文

　　將下面這篇約500詞的原文按要求寫成約150詞的摘要。

　　原文

　　How New York Became Americas Largest City

　　In the 18th century New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston.Today it is the largest city in America.How can the change in its size and importance be explained？

　　To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography， history，and economics.Together these three will explain the huge growth of Americas most famous city.

　　The map of the Northeast shows that four of the most heavily populated areas in this region are around seaports.At these points materials from across the sea enter the United States， and the product of the land are sent there for export across the sea.

　　Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into finished goods.That is why seaports often have cities nearby.But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers.Their development did not happen simply by chance.

　　About 1815，when many Americans from the east coast had already moved toward the west，trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time，drawn by horses or oxen，were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europes canals.In New York State a canal seemed the best solution to the transportation problem.From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long strip of low land.Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After several years of work it was completed in 1825.

　　The canal produced an immediate effect.Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what had been.New York City，which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston， quickly became the leading city of the coast.In the years that followed， transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River.Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that extended from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the Mississippi.

　　The coming of the railroads made canal shipping less important，but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country.It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas.

　　Exports from New York were greater than imports.Consequently，shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe.Passengers could come from Europe very cheaply as a result.

　　Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many of these people remained in the city.Others stayed in New York for a few weeks，months，or years，and then moved to other parts of the United States.For these great number of new Americans New York had to provide homes， goods， and services.Their labor helped the city be come great.

　　摘要

　　How New York Became Americas Largest City

　　New York was once smaller than Philadelphia and Boston，but now it is Americas largest city because of geography，history and economics.

　　New York was located at the seaport where materials were imported to the US and the products of the US were sent abroad across the sea.The city was further developed when the Erie Canal was completed in 1825.This linked Lake Erie to New York via the Hudson River and the cost of transporting goods to those who had settled inland was cut down.In addition， the Great Lakes were soon linked to the Mississippi.Later，railroads tied New York closer to the central states，whose goods were exported via New York.Fewer goods were imported，so cheap passages were available from Europe.New York became the main port for receiving Europeans，many of whom stayed in the city and helped it become great.

　　第四節報告

　　1.寫作攻略

　　報告是下級部門就某件事情向上級部門和領導回報工作、反映情況、提出建議等使用的上行公文。就其內容實質來說，可分為信息類報告和分析類報告。信息類報告在日常事務中經常發生，其目的是通報信息和情況，一般要求準確、正確、完整、簡明扼要。分析類報告在語言和格式上則更加正式、復雜，其目的在于對某問題或情況進行調查、研究、分析、評估或論證后提出結論，篇幅一般較長。報告的寫作主要有以下要求：

　　(1) 寫好一份報告，撰寫人首先要對所要寫的內容有充分的了解。寫作時，應盡量多用被動語態，少用第一人稱，以免主觀、冒昧。

　　(2) 一般英文報告都可采用書信格式。

　　(3) 報告要有明確的中心思想、清楚的段落層次和合理的結構安排。

　　2.必背模版句型

　　The report is hereby made to ask for the approval of the board for the solution of the problem.

　　請董事會批準這件事的解決方案。

　　This report will summarize...

　　本報告將總結……

　　The report provides an introduction to...

　　本報告介紹了……

　　The operation on... is under smooth way.

　　……的運行很正常。

　　This report only provides guidelines they can use to assess their own needs.

　　本報告盡為他們評估自身需求提供一些指導。

　　May I have your approval of...by the end of this month?

　　月底之前我能得到您就……的批準嗎？

　　We will fulfill the task ahead of time.

　　我們將提前完成任務。

　　Upon the request of the committee, weve conducted the report.

　　應委員會的請求，我們完成了這份報告。

　　3.必背經典范文

　　To：Mr. Johnson

　　From：Li Nan

　　Subject：Ship Accident off West Coast of The Yangtze River，No Casualties.

　　Date：April.4，2005

　　Yesterday evening two boats collided in thick fog in The Yangtze River not far from Wu Han. One was a cargo ship carrying lumber，apparently on its way to The Yangtze River. The other was a National ferry on its regular run from Jiu Jiang to Wu Han.

　　However，because of the weather conditions，the captains did not realize the danger until a few seconds before the collision took place. Consequently，there was no time for them to prevent the accident.

　　Fortunately，there were no casualties among the crews or passengers，but both ships suffered badly damages.

　　A spokesman for the port authorities said that a committee would be set up to determine the cause of the collision.

　　Sincerely yours,

　　Li Nan

　　譯文

　　收信人：約翰遜先生

　　發信人:李楠

　　主題:長江西岸撞船事故,無傷亡

　　日期:2005年4月4日

　　昨晚在距武漢不遠處，長江上的兩艘船在濃霧中相撞。其中一艘為裝運木材的貨船，正向長江駛來；另外一艘是國家渡船正從九江到武漢正常航行。

　　但是由于惡劣的天氣，船長知道撞擊發生前幾秒才意識到危險。 結果根本沒有時間避免事故的發生。

　　幸運的是船員和乘客都沒有傷亡,但船的損害相當嚴重。

　　船運部門發言人說會成立事故調查小組徹底調查事故原因。

　　你誠摯的：李楠