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2005年考研英語改革以來,閱讀理解部分不管是文章選擇還是題型考查都相當的穩定,詞匯考查和題目難度每年的變化亦不大。因此在備考2010年度考研英語閱讀理解的沖刺階段,除了一如既往地鞏固詞匯,加強句子的閱讀能力以及保持良好的考試狀態以外,對考研閱讀理解題型的清晰了解和準備是備考最后階段非常重要的一環,在考場上,歸根結底是為了做對題,從題型的角度出發進行最后的沖刺是十分必要的。
根據考試大綱要求和歷年真題解析可以看出,考研閱讀理解最常考的題型分別有:詞匯含義題、主旨標題題、細節事實題、推理判斷題、功能舉例題、態度傾向題。
接下來我就扣緊這六種題型進行解題技巧的分析,并分別舉出近兩年的真題進行講解。
詞匯含義題
這是每年的必考題。其實質考查的并不是詞匯量,而是考生在上下文語境下解析出詞匯含義的能力,因此主要是上下文理解的能力。這種題型不需要全文定位,答案往往就在出題句旁邊的三句話內。
我們將上下文的關系進行簡單的解析,分成順接和逆接兩類。也就是說,如果這三句話內并沒有出現任何的對比和轉折,我們可以認為前后內容是一致的,邏輯是連貫的,那么劃線部分的詞義和前后是相同或相似的關系,它的意思可以通過前后兩句得出。
如果中間出現了對比轉折詞,比如but, however, yet, nevertheless, instead of, in spite of, though, although, in contrast, while, on the contrary等,那么前后的關系就是相反或相對的。
(06-01)In spite of “endless talk of difference”,American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse,and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th——century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere。
21.The word “homogenizing”(Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably means
[A] identifying [B] associating [C] assimilating [D] monopolizing
這題很典型,可以從兩個角度來做題。首先從結構上來看,回到文中,會發現前面有in spite of,說明前后是對比轉折的關系。因此,這個詞的意思應該是與difference相對,從選項中可以看出只有C表示同化的意思。即使不認識這個詞,也能從他的詞根sim上看出similar,與difference相反的意思。
另外,這題也可以從詞匯角度來做。因為提問的詞是一個動詞,所以可以從上下文中尋找動詞。在后面兩句中發現了be absorbed into,中間沒有對比轉折,說明兩者是相同或相似的意思——被吸收。看一下選項,只有C是有同化、吸收的意思,自然就是正確答案。
主旨標題題
這個題型近年來是考查的重點,08年的真題考到了4個題目,同時它也是選項創新中最常實現的題型。它常??疾榫褪钦恼禄蚴悄扯温涞闹髦?,或者要求為文章選一個合適的標題。
它的做法就是要找到文章的要點,而跳過行文中大量的細節。在一篇文章中往往最為重要就是文章的首末段,而在一個段落內往往最為重要的也是段落的首末句,因此這個題型的要點就是重點考查文章首末段的首末句,從中得到中心詞以及文章的核心。
(07-03-35)Which of the following is the best title for this text?
[A] The Middle Class on the Alert [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff。
[C] The Middle Class in Conflict [D] The Middle Class in Ruins。
這是標題題,重點考查文章主旨。直接看一下文首末段的首末名來確定答案。從選項可以看出,重點是在討論中產階級(middle class),主題是一致的。
(首段)During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months。
(末段)From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind。
從首句可以看出主干的核心動詞是transform改變。后一句,主體意思表達也是中產階級將變窮(reduce to newly poor),因此這其中負面的意味非常明顯。
從最后一段的首句,分析出主干后會發現對于中產階級來說目前的局勢完全不是機會,而是挑戰,(looks far less like an opportunity, and more like a acceleration of risk)可以看出中產階級的生活正在發生巨大的變化,處在懸崖邊上(on the cliff),答案為B,其余的答案都太大和太小。
細節事實題
這是考研閱讀考試中的重點題型,每年大概都有近一半的題目。主要考查的是對于文章具體細節事實的了解和判斷,以及將文章內容和選項本身進行對比分析的能力。因此,這個題型最能體現句子解析能力,同時我們也發現做這個題的時候,詞匯固然重要,但從結構上把握句子,有的時候能事半功倍,不完全認識詞匯也能把題解決。
(07-01-23) According to Ericsson, good memory
[A] depends on meaningful processing of information。
[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises。
[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors。
[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration。
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome。
這是完全開放的細節題,只能以選項進行一個一個的查找。A選項比較沒有特色,我們先看B,里面的兩個詞intuitive、cognitive不是太熟,但可以發現它們在文中是原詞再現的。對比一下,會發現在結構上就不同。文章是the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one,選項是results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises,文章強調的是more的后面cognitive,而選項強調的是rather than的前面intuitive,明顯是不同的。
再看C,文章中是memory itself is not genetically determined,選項是is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors,強調的是rather than的前面genetic,這與原文相反,排除。
再看D, 文章是it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. 選項是requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration,文中提到了goals, feedback, concentration三個內容,而選項中只有后兩者,信息明顯缺失,排除。
再看A,定位到文章后發現文中是And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. 其中的encode與選項中的process是同義轉化,答案為A。
推理判斷題
本題型考查的是在細節事實的基礎上進行推理的能力,要求指出作者想說而實際未明確說出的話。常在題干中出infer, imply, suggest, indicate, learn等詞。重點就在于要根據作者的思路來進行推理,而不要主觀套上個人自己的經驗和想象。同時要注意范圍,基本的做法和細節事實差不多,也是定位后進行對比分析。同時會發現包含一定的模糊詞匯選項往往是正確選項,因為推理的過程是一個從已知到未知的過程,常常會留有一定的余地。
(07-03-33)It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks。
[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges。
[C] financial problems may bring about political problems。
[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status。
(末段)From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind。
直接定位到最后一段。首先觀察選項,發現A,B,C三個都有模糊詞匯tend to, may, may是我們重點看的對象,再者可以發現三個選項都極為有規律,都是主謂賓結構,而且A和C的主語一致,都是經濟和財政問題,B為中產階級,三者的賓語也一致,都是政治問題,因此我們以政治問題進行定位,回到最后一段,發現只有最后一句才提到政治問題。因此,我們從一整段的定位縮到一句話。
考察一下最后一句,發現主干的意思就是“政治的fallout開始了,而經濟的fallout也不遠了”,fallout是難詞,跳過,我們發現在討論經濟與政治的關系,直接把B排除,與這句無關。
再看A和C,兩者的區別是兩個動詞,outweigh, bring about??吹阶詈笠痪涞慕Y構,A開始了,而B也不遠,明顯這是我們在細節題中提到的因果關系的一種引申??佳杏⒄Z中因果關系的表達多種多樣,這也是其中的一種,因此我們可以認為政治的某個東西與經濟的某個東西兩者間是因果的關系,再看選項,可以發現A和C中的兩個動詞,outweigh是超過的意思,排除,bring about意為帶來,是一種因果關系,與原句契合,再看一下D,發現它毫不相關,因此答案為C。
功能舉例題
這幾乎可以說是考研專屬的題型,四級和六級從來不會考到,因此同學在備考的時候要引起足夠的重視,每年都穩定在3個題目左右。它的核心在于考查文中提出到某個例子是何作用和功能。在題干中常常會看這樣的詞匯:提到,mention, note, cite, 例子,example, case,作用,demonstrate, illustrate, justify, argue, make the point, talk about等。
這個題型的重點在知道功能和作用是源于例子,高于例子,例子本身的內容并不重要,因此,例子內部的細節如果在選項中出現,往往是我們首先排除的選項,重要的是要找到這個例子的點題句,答案往往就是它或是它的同義轉化。
(07-01-21)The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A] stress the importance of professional training。
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup。
[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance。
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others。
Mention表明這是功能題。定位就是以soccer,birthday這個詞進行定位。因為是第一題,肯定是在前面。
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced。
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above。
可以看出,文章的整個第一段都是在討論有關足球的事情。說明這一整段都是例子本身,都不是要我們關注的內容。
對比一下選項,可以發現,A,B,D中都是第一段細節的重現,professional training, World Cup, soccer等都是細節,直接排除,得到答案C。
態度傾向題
這是個小題型,每年都是一題或是不考,但備考過程中也需要準備。它考查就是作者或是文章中的人物對于主題或某事物的態度和傾向,因此,尋找能表明態度的感情色彩詞是最為重要的。如果是個全文的態度題,那么我們需要考查的就是全文各段的段首,感情色彩詞往往是以動詞、形容詞和副詞居多。
(07-02-30)What is the author’s attitude towards IQ test?
[A] Supportive [B] Skeptical [C] Impartial [D] Biased
這是全文態度題,查看各段首句,重點查找感情色彩詞。
第一段是引入話題,可以跳過。
第二段首句:Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. 可以看出作者并不是完全贊同IQ測試,clearly這個詞明顯表明了作者的態度,排除A。
第三段的首句:The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. 說明作者認為測試手段還是會用到IQ。
第四段話鋒一轉,such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg。其中主干謂語是may not assess all, 直接就表明作者認為這種測試并不是萬能的,對其測試結果有一定的懷疑。C和D與原文不符,所以答案為B。新東方考研英語閱讀名師 鄭文輝
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