Part C

In Benjamin Franklin's civic pride and his projects for the improvement of Philadelphia, we see another aspect of the philosophy of doing good. At the same time we may recognize the zeal for reform that has long been a characteristic of American life. In his attention to the details of daily living, Franklin shows himself as the observant empiricist. 46. As the successful engineer of ways to make the city he loved cleaner, safer and more attractive he continually sponsored new institutions that were proof that the applications of reason to experience were fruitful in the real world.

47. "Human bliss," observed Franklin, "is produced not so much by great pieces of good fortune that seldom happen, as by little advantages that occur every day." Franklin typifies that aspect of the American character that is attentive to small details as well as over-all great plans. 48. The practical idealism of America lies in our capacity to work for our ideals step by step, to recognize that the perfect world is never achieved but that we may approach it gradually by a creative attentiveness to each aspect of life around us.

In the American tradition Franklin stands as a man who preached thrift, frugality, industry and enterprise as the "way to wealth." 49. He grew to maturity in an American tradition that was older than he was, according to which such virtues as thrift and industry were not enough to bring a man success; he had also to practice charity and help his neighbor. Wealth was a token of esteem of the Divine Providence that governs men's affairs, and thus the accumulation of riches was not sought for its own sake alone. Furthermore, wealth and position, being marks of the divine favor, conferred an obligation; a successful man was a "steward," holding the world's goods in trust for the less fortunate.

50. Being an American meant for Franklin a passionate love of country and a devotion to a democratic point of view in which the rights and liberties of his fellow men were guaranteed and protected. As her foremost citizen in the eyes of the world, he was the champion of her cause in Britain for more than a decade before the Revolution and her representative in France during the years of conflict. America was fortunate in having a man of his stature and ability to serve her during those years; the skills he had acquired in mastery of life and the world's affairs were brought to bear on the issues of state in patriotic service. An old hand at presenting "causes" in the public press, he presented the case for America in British newspapers and magazines-under various pseudonyms, just as he had done at home in his Pennsylvania Gazette.

Part C

一、試題解析

46．Since ancient times, physicians have known that cerebral damage to the brain could affect

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language functions //, but a major breakthrough occurred in 1861 when Paul Broca, a young French

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surgeon, observed a patient // who suffered from paralysis of the right side of his body as well as the

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loss of speech.

【解析】 本題考點是多重復合句的翻譯。本句是一個復雜復合句，基本結構是一個并列句，由but連接，并列句的前半部分包含賓語從句，后半部分包含狀語從句以及定語從句。句子的主干為“…, physicians have known…”，句中的插入語a young French surgeon是Paul Broca的同位語，who引導限制性定語從句，修飾前面的patient。句中“a major breakthrough occurred when sb. do sth. …”與漢語習慣表達差異較大，翻譯時應該注意適當轉譯。本英語(Q吧)句子結構復雜，因此翻譯成漢語時需要將意群拆開。

【詞匯】詞匯釋義：句子中ancient指very old，絕非“遠古”的意思； cerebral的意思是“大腦的”，后文的to the brain對其做出了解釋；paralysis雖然既可以指“麻痹”，又可以指“癱瘓”，但是結合語境應該翻譯為“癱瘓”；loss of speech是一個術語，失語癥。

【譯文】長期以來，內科醫生們一直認為腦損傷會影響語言功能，但是，1861年，年輕的法國外科醫生布洛卡通過對病人的觀察研究取得了重大的突破，他所觀察的病人右半身癱瘓并且患有失語癥。

翻譯實例：

例1： 很久以來，內科醫師們已經得知對大腦的損傷會影響到語言功能。但是，年輕的法國外科醫生布洛卡通過對病人進行觀察，于1861年取得了重大的突破，病人右半身癱瘓，并且患有失語癥。(2分)

例2： 很長時間以來，內科醫生們已經知道損傷大腦會影響語言功能。但是1861年布洛卡作為一個年輕的法國外科醫生，觀察了右半身癱瘓并失去語言功能的病人，并在這個方面取得了重大的突破。(1.5分)

例3： 從很早以前開始，醫生們就已經知道傷害大腦會影響語言功能。但是一個主要的突破發生于1861年，當時一個年輕的法國外科醫生布洛卡觀察了一個病人，這個病人飽受右半身癱瘓和失去語言功能之苦。(1分)

例4：從老早以前開始，醫生們就已經知道故意的傷害大腦會影響語言起作用。但是1861年一個主要的突破發生了，當時一個年輕的法國醫生觀察了一個病人，這個病人飽受右半身平行和失去言辭之苦。(0.5分)

例5：從遠古時代開始，物理學家就知道對大腦中央的損毀會影響到語言功能。但是1861年，卻出現了專業水平的突破，當時一個法國人耐心的觀察一只稚嫩的鴿子，發現它右半身平行，痛苦的說不出話來。(0分)